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Clinical study index

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Each entry links directly to an independent publication database. Study context is educational and does not establish product quality, suitability, safety or a personal course of care.

Published research PubMed indexed

Tesamorelin · Randomized human trialStudy 01

Growth hormone-releasing factor in adults with HIV-associated abdominal fat accumulation

Falutz et al. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010. PMID 20101189

Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study with a 12-month extension
Population: 404 adults living with HIV and excess abdominal fat in the context of antiretroviral therapy
Study context: The investigators examined visceral adipose tissue, body-composition measures, participant-reported outcomes and safety measures.
Interpretation limit: The findings apply to the defined trial population and do not establish outcomes for other populations or research materials.

Published research PubMed indexed

Retatrutide · Phase 2 human trialStudy 02

Triple-hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide studied in adults with obesity

Jastreboff et al. N Engl J Med. 2023. PMID 37366315

Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial over 48 weeks
Population: 338 adults with obesity
Study context: The prespecified endpoints included percentage change in body weight and safety observations across trial groups.
Interpretation limit: Retatrutide was investigational in this study; trial findings are not a recommendation or evidence about non-trial products.

Published research PubMed indexed

Retatrutide · Phase 2 human trialStudy 03

Retatrutide studied in adults with type 2 diabetes

Rosenstock et al. Lancet. 2023. PMID 37385280

Design: Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled phase 2 trial with 36-week follow-up
Population: 281 adults with type 2 diabetes enrolled across 42 US research and health-care centres
Study context: The primary endpoint was change in HbA1c at week 24; the paper also reports later body-weight and adverse-event outcomes.
Interpretation limit: This protocol-specific phase 2 result does not establish outcomes for other populations, formulations or non-trial materials.

Published research PubMed indexed

CJC-1295 · Early human researchStudy 04

CJC-1295 pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in healthy adults

Teichman et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006. PMID 16352683

Design: Two randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind ascending-dose studies lasting 28 and 49 days
Population: Healthy adults aged 21 to 61 years
Study context: The investigators measured circulating growth hormone and IGF-I alongside pharmacokinetic parameters.
Interpretation limit: The short healthy-volunteer studies did not assess disease outcomes, long-term safety or any non-trial material.

Published research PubMed indexed

Ipamorelin · Phase 2 human trialStudy 05

Ipamorelin after bowel resection: randomized proof-of-concept study

Beck et al. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014. PMID 25331030

Design: Multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 study
Population: 117 adults undergoing small or large bowel resection
Study context: The key efficacy endpoint was time to a standardized solid meal; the paper reported no significant difference in key or secondary efficacy analyses.
Interpretation limit: A small postoperative proof-of-concept trial cannot establish efficacy outside its defined hospital protocol or for a research material.

Published research PubMed indexed

Thymosin beta 4 · Phase 2 human trialStudy 06

Topical ophthalmic thymosin beta 4 evaluated in a controlled dry-eye model

Sosne and Ousler. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015. PMID 26056426

Design: Single-centre, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial over 28 days
Population: 72 qualifying participants with moderate to severe dry eye
Study context: The two primary endpoints did not show significant differences, while selected secondary outcomes were reported as significant.
Interpretation limit: This study assessed one topical ophthalmic formulation and cannot be generalized to another route, material or population.

Published research PubMed indexed

MOTS-c · Translational studyStudy 07

Exercise-associated MOTS-c biology across animal models and a small human sample

Reynolds et al. Nat Commun. 2021. PMID 33473109

Design: Mechanistic experiments with animal models plus exercise sampling in humans
Population: The human component included 10 young male participants
Study context: The study examined endogenous MOTS-c expression in skeletal muscle and circulation following exercise.
Interpretation limit: This was not a therapeutic human trial and cannot establish clinical efficacy, safety or an appropriate intervention.

Published research PubMed indexed

Bremelanotide · Two phase 3 human trialsStudy 08

RECONNECT trials in premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder

Kingsberg et al. Obstet Gynecol. 2019. PMID 31599840

Design: Two identical multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials over 24 weeks
Population: 1,267 women were randomized; the modified intention-to-treat efficacy population included 1,202 participants
Study context: The coprimary endpoints were change in sexual-desire and sexual-distress instruments; the publication also reports tolerability and adverse events.
Interpretation limit: This evidence concerns a defined, regulated clinical intervention and population. It is not evidence for a research product, other use, or an individual outcome.

Published research PubMed indexed

BPC 157 · Evidence-gap reviewStudy 09

Review of BPC 157 and musculoskeletal soft-tissue healing literature

Gwyer et al. Cell Tissue Res. 2019. PMID 30915550

Design: Narrative review of predominantly preclinical literature
Population: Most cited experimental work was in animal models; the review found human efficacy had not been confirmed
Study context: The review separates mechanistic and animal observations from the evidence needed to support a human clinical conclusion.
Interpretation limit: A review is not a randomized clinical trial and cannot establish efficacy, safety, dose, route or suitability for human use.

Published research PubMed indexed

Retatrutide · Phase 3 human trialStudy 10

Retatrutide monotherapy studied in adults with type 2 diabetes

Bajaj et al. Lancet. 2026. PMID 42250575

Design: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial over 40 weeks
Population: Adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by diet and exercise
Study context: The trial evaluated HbA1c and body-weight outcomes across retatrutide and placebo groups.
Interpretation limit: Retatrutide remained investigational at publication; the result is not evidence for non-trial materials or public use.

Published research PubMed indexed

GHK-Cu · Topical human trialStudy 11

GHK-Cu gel evaluated in diabetic neuropathic ulcers

Mulder et al. Wound Repair Regen. 1994. PMID 17147644

Design: Multicentre, randomized, evaluator-blinded, placebo-controlled topical study with standardized wound care
Population: People with diabetic neuropathic ulcers, including a plantar-ulcer subgroup
Study context: The investigators compared wound-closure measures when a specific topical gel was added to a standardized care protocol.
Interpretation limit: A topical wound formulation does not establish injectable safety, systemic outcomes or equivalence to a research vial.

Published research PubMed indexed

NAD+ · Human pharmacokinetic pilotStudy 12

Direct NAD+ infusion traced through plasma and urine metabolites

Grant et al. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019. PMID 31572171

Design: Small open pilot with a six-hour intravenous infusion and serial metabolite sampling
Population: A small human cohort; the study was not designed as an efficacy trial
Study context: The investigators reported plasma clearance and urinary NAD+-metabolite patterns during and after infusion.
Interpretation limit: Pharmacokinetic observations do not establish anti-aging, energy, recovery or cognitive benefits.

Published research PubMed indexed

KPV · Preclinical evidenceStudy 13

KPV studied in two murine models of intestinal inflammation

Kannengiesser et al. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008. PMID 18092346

Design: Controlled experiments in DSS and transfer-colitis mouse models
Population: Laboratory mice, not human participants
Study context: The study measured recovery, colon histology and inflammatory activity under experimental conditions.
Interpretation limit: Animal-model findings cannot establish human efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, dose or route.

Published research PubMed indexed

MOTS-c · Human biomarker studyStudy 14

Endogenous mitochondrial-derived peptides measured after acute exercise

von Walden et al. J Appl Physiol. 2021. PMID 34351816

Design: Randomized exercise-group study with blood and skeletal-muscle sampling
Population: Thirty human participants allocated to endurance exercise, resistance exercise or control
Study context: The study measured endogenous humanin and MOTS-c around acute exercise; it did not administer an MOTS-c product.
Interpretation limit: An endogenous biomarker response is not evidence of safety or benefit from an administered compound.

Educational source index only. Publication summaries do not constitute medical advice, therapeutic claims or recommendations for human or veterinary use.